Human Reproduce 2.0

Reproduction

1. To produce new generation offspring.

2. To ensure the continuity of human species.
3. Reproduce by giving birth.
4. Family tree shows relationships between members.

Humans Reproduce

Reproduction is the production of offspring by living organisms. Sexual reproduction is a biological process by which organisms create their descendants. These organisms are divided into two different sexes, male and female. Human reproduction is an example of sexual reproduction in which the male produces sperm, and the female produces eggs. Normally, only one mature egg is produced in every 28 day cycle. An unfertilized egg survives 3 to 4 days. Sperms are formed by the millions, and as many as 40 to 400 million sperm cells are released each time. Healthy sperm can survive 2 to 3 days in the female body. Fertilization normally takes place in the Fallopian tube, leading from the ovary to the uterus. Conception takes place when the egg is fertilized  and pregnancy begins at this point. Sperm cells and eggs contain only half the normal number of chromosomes, 23 instead of 46, so that on fertilization the resulting cell has the correct genetic complement. Fertilization in human beings is internal, which increase the chances of conception.

Response To Stimuli 2.0

Stimuli And Organs

Smell: Nose

Sound: Ears

Light: Eyes

Touch: Skin

Taste: Tongue

a. For survival.

b. To protect from danger

Response To Stimuli 1.0

All living organism, including human being are aware of the change in the environment. These change act as stimuli for example change in light intensity and in temperature. The nervous system deals with this information and brings about a rapid response in the organism. A response is a change produce by a stimulus in an organism or part of it. Example include the removal of the hand from the source of heat in response to the feeling of extreme heat or blinking in response to a bright light shining in the eye or a faster beating of the heart in response to hearing a sudden noise.

There are two types of responses to stimuli (involving the nervous system):

a. Responses over which you have no control, such as sneezing when an irritant enters

    your nose. These automatic responses are called involuntary responses.

b. Responses such as speaking or running, over which you do have control, and which

    require thought. These responses are called voluntary responses.

The response of human beings to stimuli is important for their well-being.

Humans Excrete And Defecate 2.0

Excretion

Organs

Lungs

Kidney

Skin

Waste Materials

1. Urine

    a. Excreted by kidneys.

    b. Contains urea, mineral salts and water.
2. Sweat

    a. Excreted by sweat glands.

    b. Contains urea, mineral salts and water.
3. Water vapour

    a. Excreted by lungs.

    b. In exhale air.
4. Carbon dioxide

    a. Excreted by lungs.

    b. In exhale air.

Defecation

1. Removal of undigested food in form of faeces.
2. Faeces formed in the large intestines.
3. Removed through anus.

Humans Excrete And Defecate 1.0

Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body. These products are a result of our bodily metabolism. If they accumulate in the body, they become toxic. They are excreted from our body in various ways. Carbon dioxide, water and excess heat are excreted through our skin, lungs and kidney.

Defecation is also called a bowel movement, which is the act of eliminating solid or semi-solid waste material (faeces) from the digestive tract. In human beings, wastes are usually removed once or twice daily, but the frequency can vary from several times daily to three time weekly and still remain within normal limits.

Human Breathe

Human breathe. Humans use their lungs to breathe.

Organs

Nose

Mouth

Windpipe

Lungs

Mechanism

1. Inhalation
2. Exhalation

Inhalation

1. Chest rises outwards and upwards.
2. Diaphragm contracts.
3. Air : nose --> mouth --> windpipe --> lungs
4. Oxygen from air enters lungs.

Exhalation

1. Chest lowers inwards.
2. Diaphragm relaxes.
3. Air : lungs --> windpipe --> mouth --> nose
4. Carbon dioxide leaves lungs.

Breathing Rate

1. Number of chest movements in a period of time.
2. Increases during exercise.
3. Decreases when relax.

Human Breathe

As we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards. The intercostal muscles also contract and this lifts the ribs upwards and outwards. This results in a larger chest volume. As the volume increases, the pressure becomes less so that the surrounding air is drawn in through the nose since the outside pressure is higher.

The oxygen in the air then passes through the membrane of the alveoli into the blood. Carbon dioxide from the blood passes into the alveoli. The diaphragm relaxes and moves up. The rib muscles also relax. These actions create a smaller chest volume. The higher pressure resulted from these movements forces the air containing carbon dioxide out of the lungs into the bronchioles, trachea and nose.

Terminology

1. Bad habit - An indication or characteristic arising from bad behavior patterns.
2. Breathing - The act of respiration.
3. Defecation - The act of getting rid of digested food from the body.
4. Exhale - To breathe out air.
5. Excretion - To separate and discharge waste matter from the blood, tissues or organs.
6. Inhale - To breathe in air.
7. Life cycle - A progression through a series of differing stages of development.
8. Reproduction - The process by which living things generate new life of the same kind.
9. Response - The action of responding.
10. Stimulus - Something causing or regarded causing a response.
11. Waste product - An unwanted substance produced by a life process in living things.